RaceEthnicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

RaceEthnicity - Essay Example Immigrants and their children cross lines of wealth, neighborhood, education and profession. For example, a recent study of first year students at the University of Toronto showed that more than half identify themselves as non-white by race. Approximately 40 percent are Asians. Only about one third came from homes where English is the only language spoken. Toronto and Vancouver stand out as the most culturally and racially diverse cities in Canada, although the cultural mix in other Canadian cities also exist in varying proportions. (About Canada) In 1971, the federal government announced its policy of multiculturalism. It challenged all Canadians to accept cultural diversity, while encouraging them to participate fully and equally in the Canadian society. Many urban English-speaking Canadians supported the policy, looking at it as a timely recognition of pluralism. When the policy was announced, the Canadian ethnic mosaic was still very much dominated by those of European heritage and was designed to recognize their contribution to Canada. As immigration to Canada from the developing world increased, the multiculturalism policy had to deal with the concerns of visible minorities. These new and emerging communities were more concerned about the elimination of racial prejudice and discrimination. They wanted to ensure equal access to jobs, housing and education. (About Canada) The public education sector f... Classrooms are evolving in Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal, as the majority of new Canadians, some 250,000 of them annually, take up residence in these cities. (Drummond and Lacey, 2007) A holistic approach to education is required in the light of the most recent controversies in Herouxville, Quebec, some 200 kilometres northeast of Montreal, resulting from the passage of a controversial code of behavior aimed at potential Muslim immigrants. Last February 11, six women, accompanied by a handful of male and female Muslim students, appealed in Quebec for changes to the so-called "code of life," which lays out societal norms for Herouxville. May Haidar, one of the women, said "It's apparent there is a misconception and a wrong view of Muslim women, so we want to open a dialogue to let them (the non-Muslim Canadians) know us and, of course, we want to know them." (Moore, 2007) Andre Drouin, the town councilor behind the code of behavior for immigrants, said the residents in Quebec are eager to welcome the visitors and prove that they are not racists. But Drouin was unrepentant about the code and said it will stay put. The debate over accommodation of ethnic, cultural and religious minorities continues to rage in Quebec and its Premier Jean Charest has named a special commission to study the issue. The Canadian Islamic Congress considered filing a human rights complaint against the Herouxville council. (Moore, 2007) The controversial five-page immigrants' code, passed by the Herouxville town council in January, says a person's face should not be covered, except at Halloween, and that children should sing Christmas songs in December. It informs

The PEACE Domestic Violence Agency Summary Essay Example for Free

The PEACE Domestic Violence Agency Summary Essay Introduction It was not that long ago that what transpired at home was considered a secretive, a personal matter and was not looked at by the public. Within the last few years, there has been an rise in awareness of the importance of child abuse and negligence, spouse/partner mistreatment, and elder cruelty not only as serious societal problems but also as crimes. The PEACE Domestic Violence Agency was step up to help individuals break through the barriers. Overview of the Program The PEACE Domestic Violence Agency is a non-profit organization that is based out of Portland Oregon. With this program, they will empower survivors, promote recovery through direct services, and reduce victim trauma. They will support the health of their clients. Along with providing help for the young people whom have been in the legal system, and reduce the prevalence of domestic violence through increased service provision, awareness, and education. Assessment Assessments are an important tool for any organization especially for the PEACE agency they are used to expand their abilities to obtain future funding, validate its accountability, fulfill objectives, and enhance its operation. For the PEACE agency, using an empowerment approach will help program staff to understand the effectiveness of the program in which they serve by assessing the clients’ observation of the program activities, identifying the program’s long-term impact, the progresses, success, and by monitoring the activities to validate the program’s accomplishments. An effective project evaluation plan will recapture the program’s purpose and  will guarantee the PEACE Domestic Violence Agency can continue to accomplish its mission by reducing the incidents of domestic violence and help to promote recovery through education and awareness. Needs and Problem Statement The specific aims is one of the many steps the PEACE Agency will need when requesting a grant. This piece includes as subcategories of the needs and problem statement. This is where the PEACE Domestic Violence Agency will express the importance of knowing what they are doing and why they are doing it. They should state how the city of Portland is experiencing increasing reports of spousal and child abuse, assault, and incidents of road rage, domestic and youth violence, and the effects it has on the people. Then they will summarize how their direct services and education will help the target these areas. A needs and problem statement should be something like this, â€Å"It was not that long ago that what happened at home was considered a private, family matter and was excluded from scrutiny by the public. Within the last few decades, there has been an increase in awareness of the seriousness of child abuse and neglect, spouse/partner abuse, and elder abuse not only as critical societal problems but also as crimes.† When it comes to a literature review this is where data is used to fill and rational what is happening. It tells the history and the current views of the problem or need in order to give the reader a better understanding and appreciation of the problem or need. Program Planning According to our reading, program planning is an organized process where a set of coordinated activities or interventions is developed to address and facilitate change in some or all of the identified problems. (Yuen/Terao, 2003) Program planning is something that never stops every organization uses program planning to continually make thing better. Every organization uses program planning to develop their current program and new programs. All programs planning it is important that you have a goal set bases on the needs and the problems that you are trying to work on. Our text also states, â€Å"Program planning not only concerns what will happen, it also involves the assessment of what has happened and what really would have happened. It is by design and by its very nature related to needs assessment and program evaluation. Needs or problems assessment is the necessary and fundamental  step for any successful program planning.† (Yuen/Terao, 2003) â€Å"A program and evaluation of a program are not separate activities. When planned carefully, these two set of activities can be integrated into an organized set of ongoing operations that promote and support each other.† (Mika, 1996, p. 6) Alternative Funding The PEACE Domestic Violence agency needs to look at way to find funding especially when detecting the demanding needs of funding and present unbearable conditions. The PEACE Domestic Violence agency normal gets their funding form grants issued by the National Foundation funding Program. With this funding, the agency will move forward and continue to make an effort when they are trying to reach its objective which is promoting the safety of young men, women and children whose lively-hood not on relies on it, nevertheless they are subjective by domestic violence on a day to day basis. The objective is to lessen the numbers of domestic violence attach through education, heightened awareness, and service requirement. The PEACE Domestic Violence agency will always want to continue submitting applications to their â€Å"Stakeholders Program†. When it comes to a funding course that is set up to supporting many other businesses that are under the same objective within the Supporting F amilies plan this takes about three years and can produce $150,000 yearly. Implementation When someone wants to build a human service organization, they will need the data collected from numerous programs with the initial organization planning. They will need to provide objectives for issues that surround the project and an outline of how to ultimately reach the goal of building this system for an operational organization that is attributed by many stages such as: Phase I: Categorized documentation of instructions for the project Law enforcement cases of any domestic violence statistics for the region, the targeted culture, or ethnicity, age group, and complaint numbers for issue (HHS, 2014). Phase II: Member forms a quantitative research data for the project to commence. Phase III: Gather information for the victims who contributed in the study along with any criticism to decide a cause or constancy. Phase IV: A series of ethnographic inquiries of incidences that will need to be used in future projects that intention to qualitative data  research taken in long-term views to provide the efficiency of the programs. Phase V: Logs of all activity, related documents, meetings, project bids for the quantitative data analysis for its demographic approach. Furthermore, the recovery in the evaluation team, they will look into the damage peace, the internal perspective of a clinician practitioner, and a psychological expert. (HHS, 2014) The PEACE of Domestic Violence agency will make sure the confidentiality of the facts given by the individual in the study, and the supervisor stores all the data on files only for the evaluation team to view. There are legal things that need complying with along with ethics and processes that the state requires. The foundation of the budget report having the monthly expenses being seven thousand dollars that will pay off short-term employees of one manager and six employees, victim resources, and office supplies. There will be a forty percent grant to help the organization of the Stakeholder Program covering an annual seventy one thousand dollars. Regarding the need supporting the assets and the catastrophic, the agency needs the National Foundation for its organization aid. The agency will promotes safety for domestic violence victims and their families and aid each potential avenue that supports the objective. There will be fewer incidences of violence with the implementing of positive education, and precautionary training. The PEACE agency will continue with an investment for the program, by providing support given by separate corporations for the supportable program that will cover three years and roughly one hundred twenty five thousand dollars per year. The PEACE Domestic Violence Agency recommends the grant to cover the costs of servicing, administration, and population parameters. The money for the infrastructure of the organization resources include; operating costs, wage compensation, transportation, and legal assistance (HHS, 2014). Evaluation The evaluation plan for the PEACE Domestic Violence Agency will be a project-wide evaluation using the empowerment methodology. This form of evaluation plan will work seamlessly with the agency’s domestic violence program since it provides structure for the big picture and focuses on the tenacity of the program. As well as it involves program staff in the evaluation development and implementation, this enables them to feel invested in the program. The first phase in developing this type of plan is  to â€Å"identify the answer to the big question†. (Yuen Terao, 2003, p.53) Therefore, in the case of the PEACE agency, it would be finding out whether or not the instances of domestic violence can be reduced and in what way. Another question could be whether educating people about domestic violence plays a key role in stopping it. Our evaluation plan will include both process and outcome evaluation by getting the papers of activities made, and assembly the material from a wide-ranging of sources to allow the agency to indicate â€Å"what benefits were achieved as a result of the services provided† (Yuen Terao, 2003, p.53). PEACE Domestic Violence Agency is going to have to evaluate what programs are helping these families and individuals on monthly bases. If there is part of their program that is not helping or that could us more focus they need to know as soon as possible this way they can focus on other things. An example would be if the there is not a prison they may not need to focus as much on the helping of prisoner families compared to the crime has gone up in the area over domestic violence so they need to focus more on those programs within their organization. Knowing where to focus their strengths in is most agencies battle therefore good planning and evaluations it where you need to really pay close attention to. Conclusion Each year, too many people have been affected and are still being affected by violence, abuse, and rage. According to Rotary Club of Portland, â€Å"more than 1 in 3 women and 1 in 4 men in the U.S. are physically, emotionally, or sexually abused in their lifetime. Domestic violence affects people of all ages, race, ethnicity, socio-economic status, and sexual orientation. You have already met numerous survivors of abuse. They are all around you.† (Designs, 2012) Statistics like these can be found all over the country but ever since the factories shut down, the residents of the city of Portland have experienced a higher increase of such incidents. Ignoring this sudden steady increase of violence, abuse, and rage in the city of Portland will destroy the families that make Portland what it is. The children will grow up witnessing all types of violence and abuse and will increase their likelihood to become abusers themselves. Stepping in now will help teach the community that domestic abuse is not acceptable for any reason. The victims of abuse will have help in recovery and a chance to break the cycle from continuing on to the next generation. There has been some success in  decreasing incidents of abuse through education. Counseling has also been effective in helping victims become survivors. These methods will be successful in Portland as well. The PEACE Domestic Violence Agency intend to add some self-help classes to overcome potential barriers of culture and stress but our most promising intervention will be our shelter. This will provide a way out for the victims who feel trapped. References Designs, E. (2012). Domestic Violence Solutions . Retrieved May 31, 2014, from Rotary Club of Portland: http://rotarypdx.org/outreach/service/domestic-violence-solutions HHS. ( 2014). Retrieved from Department of Health and Human Services of maltreatment child exploitation: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/reslist/rl_dsp.cfm?rs_id=21rate_chno=19-00044 Yuen/Terao. (2003). Practical Grant Writing and Program Evaluation,. Brooks/Cole.

Whose history, which narrator? :: Essays Papers

Whose history, which narrator? Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children can be read, inter alia, as the unfolding of the twentieth-century India’s history. There is in the novel, virtually all of the twentieth century Indian history: the Jallianwalla Buch tragedy, Quit India movement, Cabinet Mission, freedom movement, Muslim League and its role, riots and bloodshed subsequent to the independence, Five Years Plans, reorganization of Indian states and language riots, Chinese aggression, the theft of the sacred relic from the Hazratbal mosque, Pakistan War, liberation of Bangladesh, the Emergency, the military coup in Pakistan in 1958, and various other historically important events. There are also typically Indian divisions and dissents, chaos and disillusion, communal tensions, religious fanaticism besides traditional values and modernizing efforts. One aspect Rushdie places emphasis on, is the close link between the history of India and the history of Saleem’s family. In the end, the former can be read as a family album. Saleem’s uncle, Zulfikar, is a Pakistani general who helps General Ayub Khan to plan the military takeover of 1958; his aunt is a mistress of Homi Catrak, who is shot by the husband of Lila Sabarmati, another of his mistresses (Commander and Mrs. Nanavati in real life); his classmate Cyrus Dubash becomes the founder of a religious cult that seems to be an amalgam of Guru Maharaj and Hatha-yogi Lakshman Rao who claimed he could walk on water; Saleem himself triggers off one of the worst language riots in Bombay; his mother was first married to Shcikh Abdullah’s right-hand man; the disappearance of the Prophet’s Hair is linked to his grandfather. In addition, Saleem belongs to an extremely peculiar group of 1,001 children born within the very first hour of India’s independence, on the 15th of August 1947, and capable of performing paranormal phenomena. Saleem, thus becomes an authentic representative of India, he is India. Rushdie is convinced that there is a connection between public affairs and private lives. They interpenetrate and that is how the writer needs to examine them, the one in the context of the other. In the light of this consideration we can read the passage in which Saleem declares: Who what am I? My answer: I am the sum total of everything that went before me, of all I have seen done, of everything done-to-me. I am everyone everything whose being-in-the-world affected was affected by mine. I am anything that happens after I’ve gone which would not have happened if I had not come.

Leningrad Cemetry, Winter of 1941

Explication of ‘Leningrad Cemetery, Winter of 1941' This poem is about the World War ? especially in Leningard(1941. 09. 08~1944. 01. 18) in winter of 1941. Leningrad which is now St. Petersburg is once former capital of Russia and Russian Revolution so it was strategically important place for Hitler to have war with. German army siege this city almost 900 days and over 650,000 people are dead from this war because of starvation, exposure, disease and so on. However, Leningrad did not surrender against the enemy and bear all hardships and difficulties, later called ‘city of hero'.How extremely difficult and severe situation it was in World war ? is depicted in this poem. There are a lot of dead bodies needed to be buried but impossible because ground is frozen and grave digger became weak from hunger. Also coffin could not be made because there was lack of fuel to heat and wood should be used for fuel. Instead of coffin they put the corpse on the child's sled and take it to the cemetery. Child sled is the symbol of joy and happiness in winter snow but in the war time that kind of joy is disappeared but only degenerated to tool of moving the dead body.There are some analogies with the dead. First they are metaphored as ‘tree's ball of roots when it waits to be planted' and cocoons that will split down the center when the new life inside is prepared'. Those are very similar to appearance of the dead and characteristics such as stiffness however it also contains the meaning of life and prosperity. In contrast, the expression of ‘pale gauze, tapered shapes' make us think of mummies. Writer tried to mummify and dehumanize the dead.Furthermore, ‘naked calves hard as corded wood spilling' means piled corpses like stiff, dry wood with no life. Contrast in the metaphors tells us that the dead once having had vibrant life and had desire to restore vitality inevitably became very cold, rigid, abandoned dead body. ‘From under a cloak, a hand reaching out' means that they are not ready to die and want to live more. Speaker of this poem is third person narrator so hard to know the dead's mind exactly however we could analogize their thoughts on their death.They would want to come back to life even if they have to eat the bread made of glue and sawdust and live in the severe cold and siege. ‘Bread made of glue and sawdust' is nonsense but it means stale bread that is so dry and hard to eat. Narrator says having a life is better than death even if it becomes hard or difficult. It shows us that they really didn't want to die in the war and life is so precious itself. It is composed of only one stanza. It makes reader to be focused on the situation that writer explain with tension.Omniscient third person narrator speaks in the poem so we could not hear their direct voice but relying on what speaker says. Thesedays, there are still many threats on war outbreaks but as a generation not experiencing war yet, we have t endency to consider war as relatively light event and are not so alert or worrying compared to old generation. This poem reminds us with extreme hardships stealing a lot of innocent people's lives that war can bear and arouse our attention again on the war.

How satisfactory is this view of Wolsey’s position as Henry VIII’s Minister Essay

Thomas Wolsey rose from being the lowly son of a butcher, through various posts in the royal service, to become Lord Chancellor in December 1515, and remained at the pinnacle of the King’s service until his fall in October 1529. To stay in power for so long, it needs to be established whether he spent his time as a ‘servant’ to the King, or as a authority in his own right. Historian G.R.Elton stated that, ‘He had lasted so long because †¦ he knew how to promote himself, and for most of the time, he knew how to keep henry satisfied.’ Elton’s words indicate what I believe are the two main factors in studying Wolsey’s ministry – how he served the King, and how much he did for himself. It is my opinion that Wolsey, despite his plentiful policy in areas of little interest to the King like social and governmental reform, remained so prominent in the King’s service due to his ability to serve the King, allowing Henry to live life as a young ‘Renaissance Prince.’ The King also felt relatively safe giving such power to Wolsey, as he didn’t pose a threat to his throne in the way that some nobles or those of royal blood may have posed. However nature of the relationship between Henry and Wolsey was unusual, as it was not like the archetypal master-servant relationship. In some of his letters to Wolsey, Henry signed off as ‘your loving friend and master,’ or referred to hims as ‘father’ in the spiritual sense of the word. George Cavendish, a contemporary, and Wolsey’s butler said â€Å"The king displayed a most loving disposition towards him, especially as he was most earnest and readiest among all the council to advance the King’s mere will and pleasure.† The friendship seemed to work both ways, and although it has been suggested that Henry took Hampton Court by force, I am in agreement with most historians that Wolsey gave it to Henry as a gift. To judge the extent to which Wolsey did serve his ‘master,’ it is necessary to analyse Wolsey’s work, and discover the true aim behind each of his major areas of policy. In studying Wolsey’s domestic policy, one must establish Henry’s role in this area, and in particular, what he wanted done and how much of it he was willing to do himself. As Henry was not the first son of his father Henry VII, he had not received the same royal training that his older brother Arthur had done, thus he had never really developed an interest in royal domestic affairs. While Henry VII chose to rule the country himself, Henry VIII saw ruling his country as delegating jobs to other people so he could live a youthful life, spending time hunting and enjoying himself with other men of his age. His lack of interest in day-to-day administrative affairs left a void to be filled, so the arrival in the his service of someone who not only excelled in the field, but was willing to serve his every need seems to have been the main reason for the King to keep Wolsey. As Lord Chancellor, Wolsey was effectively head of the legal system. However, as I established previously, Henry’s interest in fields such as this was limited, so he gave Wolsey power to do what he pleased (but he did have to approve Wolsey’s reform before it was implemented). Wolsey became a contriver of many policies of reform in the legal system, notably with his personal service in the Court of Chancery, increasing the administering of law of equity as opposed to common law, and with his revision of the role of Star Chamber in 1516, so that it would dispense justice and oversee fairness in the legal system. The question we need to ask is how much of this was done for the King, and how much did Wolsey do of his own accord, as arguments can be established for either opinion. By sitting in on the Court of Chancery, Wolsey was taking on a lot of unnecessary extra work, and his enforcement of equity (which was seen as dangerously close to Roman Law) is evidence to suggest that Wolsey allegiance may not have only lain with Henry, but with the Pope as well. However, Wolsey himself had little or no legal training, and the work he carried out was rather early in his ministry, which suggests that is ultimate aim was to please the King by offering him exciting new plans of reform to keep him happy. Also, the work he carried out in Star Chamber was demanded of him by Henry. It is my personal opinion that Wolsey’s needed to maintain the King’s interest and appear as though he was working directly to serve the King, and this seems to have been his main priority, as this was the key to remaining in the King’s favour. Wolsey’s background lay in religion rather than in law, so it seemed that anything policy he would implement would be more likely to reflect his own personal desires, rather than as a service to the King. In 1514, he was made Archbishop of York, and in 1518, he was promoted to Papal Legate (a position which was conferred on him for life in 1524), effectively making him the most powerful man in the church. The important question is that when serving the Pope in England, would he be acting for himself (and the Pope) or his master, the King? Wolsey’s first major policy in the church was the defence of ‘Benefit of Clergy.’ In the 1515 Parliament. This itself was a bold move for Wolsey, as he had only recently been given power, and to defend something that both King and Parliament didn’t approve of meant losing popularity. Nevertheless, Wolsey knelt to Henry to assure him that his power was totally unthreatened by the church. This evidence suggests that Wolsey may not have necessarily wanted to do everything that the King wanted, and he seemed to have some power of refusal over the King himself. In the church, we also witness Wolsey’s collection of offices, wealth and power, which we can hardly regard as a service to the King. His offices included Bishop of Durham and Winchester, Abbot of St Albans (one of the richest abbeys in England), as well his previous offices as Archbishop of York, Papal Legate and Lord Chancellor, providing examples of pluralism. He even charged clergy to carry out duties which he could not fulfil, in a gross example of non-residence. He derived a huge income from all of the above while maintaining power, placing him in a unique position, and freeing him up to serve the King in other ways. One third of land in England belonged to the church, and this seemed to be the one of the few aspects of the church that Henry himself was displeased with, thus it can be said that the dissolution of 30 monasteries between 1524-9 would have theoretically been done for the King. In practice, Wolsey kept a great deal of the revenue from the monasteries, diverting it to his school in Ipswich and his college at Oxford. Social reform was one of the areas of domestic policy that least concerned the King, so it seems likely that most of Wolsey’s action in this field would not be in service to the King. His attempt to reduce the injustice of ‘enclosures’ and ‘engrossing’ via the Enclosure Commission of 1517-9 was clearly of little consequence to the King, and was more likely to be an area of policy where the King gave Wolsey freedom to implement his own policy. The fact that Wolsey carried out policies for which there is little evidence of any involvement on Henry’s part suggests that Wolsey may have been more than just a servant to Henry. Wolsey’s immense activity in financial policy corresponds with Henry’s desire for money to carry out foreign expeditions against the French. The Act of Resumption of 1515, the Subsidies of 1513-5 and 1523, the Forced Loan of 1523 all reduced his popularity, but managed to quench Henry’s desire for money. However, Wolsey was seen to go one step too far to please his master in 1525, in asking for the Amicable Grant, while the forced loan of 1523 was still being collected. The country reached a state of near-rebellion, and more serious disturbances occurred in London, East Anglia and Kent. It was at this stage when the relationship between Henry and Wolsey faced its first major attack, and Henry blamed the whole fiasco on Wolsey to save himself. Wolsey himself had largely been opposed to his attempts to raise extra revenue for the King, yet he had been acting as the King’s servant, doing his bidding. To Henry, Wolsey was to act as a scapegoat in situations wh ere things went wrong. The other area of domestic policy in which conflict arose between Henry and Wolsey was in the Eltham Ordinances of 1526. Wolsey had been struggling to eliminate those who may have influenced the King. In 1518, he had attempted to expel Henry’s ‘minions’ or ‘young favourites,’ but his ‘governmental reform’ as he called it, was reversed by Henry, indicating some tension, but more importantly indicating to Wolsey that he could not consider overpowering the King. It was in the Ordinances of 1526 that Wolsey again went too far. In another bout of governmental reform, he was able to reduce the number of ‘Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber’ from 12 to 6, and he removed enemies such as William Compton, the ‘groom of the stool.’ The resultant lack of advisors around Henry angered him, and he was well aware that Wolsey was the cause of his seclusion. Wolsey had emerged as a competent organiser during the 1512-3 French campaign, and also organised the peace with France in 1514, proving himself to Henry as effective in diplomacy as well. Clearly, Henry was a king who sought glory, and was full of dynastic ambition. He wanted England to be as influential in European affairs as it had been in the time of Henry V. His jealousy of his French rival, Francis I meant that he would be seeking alliances against his traditional opponent. Wolsey on the other hand was a man of humanist tendencies, sought glory in diplomacy through his desire to become the ‘peacemaker of Europe.’ The Venetian Ambassador at the time stated that â€Å"Nothing pleases him more than to be called the arbiter of the affairs of Christendom.† In 1516, Henry wanted to renew his campaign against the French alongside the new leader of Spain, Charles V, but Wolsey managed to convince him to join a coalition against French action in Italy instead. Henry clearly trusted Wolsey sufficiently to trust his advice in this are, indicating that he held more importance than that of just a servant. One aspect of Henry’s personal policy is also revealing at this stage as to his relationship with Wolsey. In 1518, Pope Leo X was expressing some concern as to the advance of the Ottoman Empire into Europe, and sent cardinals around Europe to organise a unification of Christendom against them. Henry used his desperation to his advantage, refusing entry to Cardinal Campeggio, the embassy, unless Wolsey was made ‘legate a latere’ (papal legate), to which the Pope agreed. In this action, Henry can be seen to have depended somewhat on Wolsey, as he was essential to Henry in maintaining some degree of control over the church in England. Wolsey, seeing an opportunity to fulfil his personal aims, took diplomatic control of the Pope’s mission, and turned it into an international peace conference of more than 20 countries in London. The resultant Treaty Of London was signed in October 1518, and served as a great achievement for Wolsey. It not only brought together the great powers of Europe in a ‘universal and perpetual peace,’ but also put England at the centre of European affairs. More importantly, Wolsey had not needed to compromise the wishes of his master to achieve his role of peacemaker, as the treaty also allowed England’s standing in Europe to improve, which was one of Henry’s major priorities. Wolsey carried out more diplomacy to serve the King two days later, in an Anglo-French treaty in which a marriage between the Dauphin and Henry’s daughter Princess Mary was proposed. Henry was getting his most important desires fulfilled, and foreign affairs seemed to be going exceptionally well for Henry and Wolsey, until the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian, which saw Charles V become the new emperor, and imminent conflict between the newly strengthened Charles and F rancis I, would see the destruction of the glorious Treaty of London. In 1520, Wolsey’s service to his King in foreign policy continued, and faced with both sides of the conflict courting the support of England, he organised the splendorous meeting between Francis and Henry at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, which would have seemed like the beginning of a grand peace between the two countries. However, Wolsey had to sacrifice his role as peacemaker to appease Henry’s desire to benefit from the inevitable war, and at the Treaty of Bruges in August 1521, Wolsey served the King’s cause further by providing the possibility that Charles may marry the 8 yr old Princess Mary who Henry desperately wanted to marry off. The war itself provided no real success for England, and only further marginalized England as a minor power in Europe. Against Wolsey’s desire, Henry wanted to fight on during 1523, and Wolsey was obliged to carry out his duty, in the way that any ‘servant’ would, and England only met further wartime embar rassment. Despite Henry’s hopes of campaigning in 1524, Wolsey managed to convince Henry otherwise, and in the following year, Wolsey took the bold step of instigating a peace with France, and the Treaty of the More was signed in August 1525, and now, a force to face the might of Charles had begun. Wolsey began to slip back into his comfortable role as peacemaker, orchestrating the League of Cognac between France and the Papal States (Wolsey made England abstain from joining, so that England remained peaceful). Another Wolsey-organised treaty was made in April 1527 between France and England in the Treaty of Westminster, which declared perpetual Anglo-French peace, promised Francis’ second son to Princess Mary and threatened Charles with war if he didn’t join the peace. England was back at the forefront of English politics, thanks to Wolsey’s redemption from Henry’s war failures. However, this grew inconsequential, and just as Wolsey done what Henry wanted in foreign affairs, Henry’s desire for divorce grew urgent. Wolsey could reasonably expect to stay in power as long as he kept carrying out the King’s wishes, and despite his unpopularity and court faction working against him, it is clear that his inability to get Henry his divorce led to his downfall. Henry’s new love Anne Boleyn managed to convince Henry that Wolsey had no use any more – he couldn’t get a divorce and he hadn’t secured the King’s succession. In general, his ‘service’ was no longer required, and historian John Guy concludes that â€Å"Wolsey was destroyed because he had become a liability in the eyes of the king and was expendable. This has fundamental implications for reassessing his relationship with Henry.† Guy is correct is saying that this sheds new light on the nature of the relationship between the two men, and suddenly, Henry’s regard for Wolsey as a ‘loving friend’ became trivial. This essay has been able to establish that the majority of Wolsey’s policy was executed in service to the King. Wolsey may have acted for his own interest in certain areas such as the church and social reform, but this was only because of Henry’s lack on interest in the fields, and the trust that he placed in Wolsey’s service. I am therefore able to conclude that theoretically, Wolsey was the ‘King’s Servant.’ However, I say theoretically, because although Wolsey was a servant to Henry in his actions, the image created by the word seems to extreme for Wolsey. I believe that the relationship between Henry and Wolsey was strong and full of friendship when Wolsey did what was required of him. In reality, everyone in the kingdom was a servant to the King, and many people wanted to serve him more to gain more influence. In light of this, although he was a servant, it appears to me that the word ‘servant’ underestimates the immense of power that he had, despite the fact that the power was given to him by the King, and many other more complimentary words can be used to describe the importance of Wolsey to the King. Nevertheless Wolsey, as a minister, remained a servant to Henry throughout his time in power, and devoted the majority of his policy to the King’s service.

Lee Campbell Flight 811 Investigation Essay Example

Lee Campbell Flight 811 Investigation Essay Example Lee Campbell Flight 811 Investigation Paper Lee Campbell Flight 811 Investigation Paper Essay Topic: Flight Lee Campbell Flight 811 Investigation Anthony Vallido Aviation Safety 409 ? Abstract United Airlines Flight 811 left Honolulu bound for Auckland, New Zealand on February 24, 1989. A few minutes in the flight the cargo doors blew out and because of the decompression, nine passengers were immediately sucked out of the plane. The debris from the cargo door damaged the planes Number 3 and 4 engines. Captain David Cronin prepared for an emergency landing. The parents of one of the fatalities, Lee Campbell, investigated the accident because they want to know what caused the cargo door to open in midair. Kevin and Susan Campbell were very persistent and relentless in their fight to prove that the cause of the cargo door opening is a malfunction in the electrical system of the locking mechanism. It would take them a few years and spend their own money just to prove their theory and prevent future accidents from happening. Their persistence paid off when the NTSB finally issued a report stating what the Campbell’s have been campaigning all along. ? Introduction On February 24, 1989, United Airlines Flight 811 took off from Honolulu bound for New Zealand. The flight carried 337 passengers, 3 flight crew and 15 flight attendants. The pilots were Captain David Cronin, First Officer Al Slader and Flight Engineer Mark Thomas. After the plane has been in the air for16 minutes, the passengers heard a grinding sound followed by a loud thud which shook the aircraft. A few seconds later the cargo door blew out and the passengers right beside it were immediately ejected out of the airplane. One of the passengers was Lee Campbell. Engines number 3 and 4 were severely damaged from the debris that came from the cargo door that blew off. The debris also damaged the planes right wing LED (Leading Edge Devices) and dented the horizontal stabilizers on that side. Captain Cronin ordered Flight Engineer Thomas to tell the crew to prepare for emergency landing, however he was not able to contact the crew. He then proceeded to go down to check what was happening. When he got down, he saw the extent of the damage to the aircraft. Immediately after leaving the cockpit, he saw that the skin was peeled off in some areas of the deck revealing the frames and stringers. As he went down to the lower deck, he saw the huge hole at the side of the plane and realized the magnitude of the damage. Thomas returned to the cockpit visibly shaken and reported the damage that he saw. At this point he suspected that it was probably a bomb and suggested that they not go over a speed of 250 knots. With limited information, Captain Cronin was able to land the plane without going off the runway. When the plane came to a halt, all passengers and crew were evacuated in 45 seconds. Some of the flight attendants suffered some injuries. The question here is what caused the cargo doors to open? Was it human error or was it electrical in nature? Investigation Lee Campbell was one of the casualties of Flight 811. He was returning home to New Zealand when the accident happened. His parents Kevin and Susan Campbell started an independent investigation from the NTSB. The initial investigation placed the blame on Brian Kitaoka, who at that time worked as a Ramp Serviceman for United Airlines. However, Kevin and Susan Campbell were not satisfied with this cause, which is human error, and continued to pursue their investigation. It took a long time for them to finish the investigation because they could not find the door of the plane. Without that door, they will not be able to check it for electrical errors. They eventually found the door 18 months later, 5km on the ocean floor. The Campbell’s embarked on a relentless personal investigation. Kevin said you can’t let the death of Lee be for nothing. Two months after the crash when the NTSB held preliminary hearings, the Campbell’s made sure they were there. They soon get frustrated because the NTSB will not complete their investigation for months. That is when they decided to take matters into their own hands. Kevin and Susan decided to get the documents from the NTSB during the hearing without permission. From these documents they found information that was not released to the public. There were reports that there disturbing problems with the forward cargo door going right back to its original design. Instead of a plug door that gets jammed into its frame as the aircraft pressure rises, Boeing opted for an outward opening door which allows for more cargo space but the door is not failsafe like the plug design so Boeing built was they thought was a fool proof locking mechanism. Boeing built in multiple redundancies to make sure the door is properly latched and does not open. They built it to a point where it is extremely improbable for the door to open. The Campbell’s discovered that the problem lies with the locking mechanism. To lock the cargo door on the 747, electric motors rotate C-shaped latches around pins in the door frame. A handle then moves L-shaped arms known as locking sectors over the top of the C-shaped latches to prevent them opening. But as early as 1975, problems were found with the locking sectors. Kevin Campbell, an experienced engineer, built a model to show the weakness of the Boeing design. Initially the locking mechanisms were made of aluminum and in 1975 they did not realize that it was not strong enough. The weakness of the aluminum drastically increased the risk of the door accidentally opening. With the aluminum locking sectors, if the C locks tried to backwind open electrically, it would push the locking sector out of the way. It was not doing what it was supposed to be designed for. For twenty years before the accident of Flight 811, 747’s have been flying with this crucial weakness. The Campbell’s wondered what is left to be revealed. They redoubled their efforts to uncover the full truth behind the accident that killed their son. They went to the US to talk to as many people as they can who was involved in the accident. They started at Seattle then went to Chicago all the way to Washington DC then on to San Diego. The Campbell’s soon found out that a shockingly similar incident to Flight 811 had given clear warning of the dangers of the cargo door. In 1987, two years before Flight 811 a Pan Am 747 had been climbing out of Heathrow when it failed to pressurize at 20,000 ft. The pilots had to turn back. When they got to Heathrow, they found out that the door had been hanging open an inch and a half at the bottom and all of the locks were open. When it got to the maintenance base they found that all the locking mechanisms were either bent or broken. Locking Mechanism Flaw Why had the C-latches turned and bent back the locking sectors? Boeing claimed that ground crew must have mishandled mechanism. But the Campbell’s investigation uncovered another vital clue as to why the C-latches had turned. A report by Pan Am engineers highlighted problems with the doors electrical system. It had a problem with the S2 master lock switch that should’ve turned off the power to the door when the outer handle was closed. This was an alarming finding. When the outer handle was closed the S2 master lock switch was meant to disconnect the power supply and stop the C-latch motors from turning. So could this have failed allowing the motors to open the door? To find out, Boeing asked the airlines to do a simple test. Close the outer handle then press the switch to open the door and see what happens. When they hit the switch, it actually worked. Boeing thought that it wouldn’t work but it did. There was power to the door locks with the outer handle closed and locks started to move and started to force the locking sectors out of the way. A few days later the airlines started calling saying that it was damaging their planes so Boeing stopped the test. This meant that on those aircrafts the S2 locking mechanism had failed and those aircrafts has the potential of having the same problem as Flight 811. It would just take a short circuit to open the doors in mid flight. The Campbell’s now became convinced that the accident on Flight 811 began with a failure of the S2 switch. Power remained on the C latch motors. All it took was a short circuit on the 20 year old wiring which had been found to be frayed on other aircraft to start the motors up. The aluminum locking sectors were too weak to stop the latches turning and the cargo door burst open. After a year of investigation the NTSB had a different version of the events. The Campbell’s were in for a shock. After waiting for a year, the Campbell’s expected the findings to match their theory on what happened. They assumed that the report will come out and that it would state that it was a malfunction but were surprised when it was reported that the door had been mishandled. For the Campbell’s, the NTSBs flawed explanation and failure to mention the electrical problems just wasn’t good enough. They went back to investigating the accident and soon found disturbing evidence of how it could and should have been prevented. Resolving the Problem After the Pan Am incident in 1987, it turned out that Boeing had issued a directive to the airlines on how to correct the weak aluminum locking sectors. The directive that came out was to replace the aluminum sectors with steel sectors that could not be bent. There were also going to be interim inspections to be performed until the steel sectors were installed. The fix was cheap and simple but getting it done was not. The actual cost for the modification and changing the locking sectors to steel was $2000 per aircraft but it will take 10 hours to do it and that is what made it expensive. The airline would lose money if they take the aircraft of service for 10hours which could translate into millions of dollars. The Campbell’s discovered that back in 1987, the FAA whose role was to enforce improvements had given the airlines 18 months to comply. United made no plans to install the steel locking sectors. Within a year, Lee Campbell and 8 others will die in an avoidable accident. So why were the airlines not forced to fix the problem sooner? If these large commercial airplanes are grounded it will be an economic disaster. What the airlines does is to lobby to the FAA to allow them to do the fixes over time when the airplanes are in for their normal maintenance. In that way they are not taken out of service. However, when they allow the airlines to fix it over time, the FAA is actually gambling with the lives of the passengers and crew who are flying on these airplanes. After the deaths on Flight 811, the FAA instantly shortened the deadline for fixing the cargo door from 18 months to just 30 days. The pressure of the Campbell’s campaign eventually began to pay off. The vital piece of evidence can prove them right, the cargo door which lay 2 km on the ocean floor. But as articles appeared in the American Press, the NTSB commissioned the US Navy to search for it. A hundred miles south of Honolulu, a deep submersible began to trawl the seabed. They recovered the door and the Campbell’s were notified of this. But before the Campbell’s can see it, the door was quickly transferred to Boeings plant in Seattle. The Campbell’s went in hot pursuit. When they got to Boeing, they would show the door to the Campbell’s which led them to believe that the crucial pieces were already sent to the NTSB. So once again they went to Washington DC. After 3 hours they finally got the pieces they needed from the NTSB and they told them that they were right that it was an electrical malfunction. They assured the Campbell’s that they will fix the airplanes so that the accident will never happen again. However, the Campbell’s were also informed that despite of the findings, the report will not be changed. Even with the evidence of an electrical malfunction in their hands, the NTSB refused to change their report. Then in June 1991 fate intervened. A four year old United 747 was in the airport when the C latch motor started up and the door opened itself. The Campbell’s said that there is no way that the NTSB can deny it any longer that it was an electrical malfunction. Conclusion Finally the NTSB issued a revised report that concurred with the Campbell’s version. In a press conference, the NTSB stated that there was inadvertent failure of either the switch or the wiring that caused an uncommanded opening of the door. The Campbell’s felt vindicated after the announcement and happy that they were right all along. They spent thousands of dollars of their own money in their campaign. They were never interested in the financial settlement for Lee’s death. But they did persuade United and Boeing to set up a university scholarship in his name. Susan Campbell said that she would not have been able to live with herself if she did not investigate the death of her son. The Campbell’s knew it was something they had to do and did not even discuss it. But despite long and public campaigns like that of the Campbell’s, critics fear that airline industry has not learned the lessons from Flight 811. The FAA has a dual role. One is to promote the aviation industry and the other is aviation safety and when they are put in a situation where they are between economics and safety, they tend to lean towards economics. Serious accidents caused by known defects continue to occur. In the 1990 known problems in aircraft de-icing systems led to crashes. At least 3 planes have had fatal fires due to known dangers of flammable insulation materials. In 1998, a fully laden 747 blew itself up over the Atlantic when known faults in the wiring ignited known hazards in the fuel tanks. Inevitably, experts are skeptical about the industries record of balancing profit against prevention. References McKarcher, S. (2004). Ual 811 20 years later. Airline Crew, Retrieved from airlinecrew. et/vbulletin/showthread. php? 209818-UAL-811-20-Years-Later Baehr, B. (2011). Victims parents absolve hawaii man of role in air disaster. Hawaii News Now, Retrieved from hawaiinewsnow. com/story/15002555/victims-parents-absolve-hawaii-man-of-role-in-air-disaster (n. d. ). United airlines flight 811. Wikipedia, Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_811 Bridgeman, S. (2009, February 27). Flight 811: The untold story. Sunday Star times. Retrieved from stuff. co. nz/sunday-star-times/features/1400976/Flight-811-the-untold-story

Adam Aircraft

Adam Aircraft Introduction Adam Aircraft industries (AAI) is a company that was started by Rick Adam in 1998 (Hedberg and John). Rick Adam started the company out his love for aviation having been raised on Air Force bases. He always wanted to join the Air Force Academy flight program, but he was locked out because of his color-vision deficiency.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Adam Aircraft specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After working in several organizations including the Air Force where he ran the Real Time Computer Center at the Kennedy Space Center, in the early 1990s he learned how to fly and this set him on the path to start AAI. As an entrepreneur, he noticed some of the challenges that were facing pilots and airplanes owners where they were using old planes and the new planes that were available were based on old designs from the 1970s and 1980s. Rick carried an analysis on the aircraft industry and noticed that th ere was a big opportunity that presented itself. He said: Every time I went to a cocktail party or barbeque, all the pilots would go off into a corner and start talking pilot stuff. And since everybody was moaning about the lack of new products, I became convinced that there was a huge demand. So in the 90’s I started developing strategies for launching a new aircraft company (Hedberg and John). His research on the industry saw him focus on issues that were affecting the industry and reasons why nobody was venturing into the business. After making his analysis and consolidating funds for the project, Rick started by employing some of the best work force in the aircraft industry and continually collaborated with the Federal Aviation Authority to create the first aircraft A500, which took its maiden flight in July 2002. The company displayed their aircraft model to potential customers in different shows and in October 2002, the company announced plans to introduce other aircraf t models. This paper will look at the problems that faced the company and the aircraft industry; solutions presented by the company and finally offer recommendations. Discussion Problems that faced the company and the aircraft industry The aircraft industry was facing a lot of trouble when Rick Adams began his venture. Between 1978 and 1992, the aviation industry had experienced a 95% decline in sales and many people over 100,000 had lost their jobs. In the same period, aircraft manufacturers had spent a lot of money trying to defend them after being sued for product liability.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many aircraft manufacturers were closing shop and they were spending as much money as they had spent to develop new aircraft in these litigation processes. This was to change in 1994, when Congress enacted the General Aviation Revitalization Act, but the damage many aircraft manufacturers had suffered made potential investors skeptical about the industry. The enactment was meant to protect aircraft manufacturers from possible litigation if the plane in question was older than eighteen years (Hedberg and John). For the company, the greatest challenge was working with limited resources unlike their competitors who were working on huge budgets. Rick was self-funding and paying for most of the initial costs, while the Eclipse 500 project, a competitor, had over $400 million at its disposal to develop a light business jet (Hedberg and John). After listening to industry, experts Rick noted that he was going to face a lot of challenges in funding the project. He said: I had recently heard from an industry expert that the standard budget for a new airplane project is about $250 million. Since there has been so little success in this industry to date, it would be nearly impossible to raise that kind of money for a start up airplane company l ike ours. That’s a long way from $250 million, but still, we knew that the only way we could make financing achievable was by cutting development costs by at least seventy five percent (Hedberg and John). In his initial survey, John had noticed that many potential investors were weary of the aircraft manufacturing industry and would often opt to invest their money in biotechnology, telecommunications, and other industries that were regarded as safe. To compete with other established companies such as Lockheed, Cessna and Beechcraft, the company had to be innovate and this presented a challenge because some of the things they were proposing had not been done before and, therefore, ran the risk of being failures (Hedberg and John). The company had to prove also to detractors that they could actually pull off installing all the models on essentially the same airframe. According to the detractors, the company was being too ambitious and this was just wishful thinking. Critics fel t that by using the same single wing and empennage design would mean that performance by the planes made would be compromised (Hedberg and John). The company faced a challenge in getting the Type Certification from the FAA. The FAA is mandated to make sure that the airplanes manufactured by companies met certain requirements. This meant that the company, AAI, had to spend a lot of money and time to meet these specifications and test the products to the FAA specifications (Hedberg and John). The company had to come up with a design and an aircraft that was going to be appealing to both owner operated and professionally flown customers. This was a hard thing, because both customers had different needs and would mean sacrificing one aspect of the plane to satisfy needs of one type of customer at the expense of the other.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Adam Aircraft specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Solutions prese nted by the company The enactment of the General Aviation Revitalization Act in 1994, revitalized the aircraft industry that was facing a lot of problems because of cases filed against them. To complete the project successfully with the limited funding, the company addressed the cost that they expected to incur during development. This saw the company adopting new strategies including buying their own mill machine and adopting some of the latest technology available. This was meant to reduce the cost of development by over 75%. Rick hired the best work force in the industry that was knowledgeable about aircraft manufacturing and development. To reduce the time taken to develop the aircraft, the company instituted a 24-hour scheduling program, which Rick borrowed from his background in computer (Hedberg and John). This was important if the company was going to roll out a new aircraft design before competitors and therefore, establish themselves in the market. The company would also i ncrease its output as well as reduce the amount of time that is wasted. The company also benefited from the introduction of personal computers, which allowed them to carry out experiments and make designs changes at very low prices. Compared to their competitors such as Lockheed who had developed multimillion dollar design tools, the computer could spend as little as $3000 and still be able to make models of their aircrafts. The company realized that they could do virtually the same things as their competitors even though they had limited resources and all this was thanks to the advancement in technology and introduction of powerful personal computers and software. Although adoption of the 24-7 working concept was revolutionary in the industry, the company realized that it would not be enough to give them an edge over their competitors. To make the company more efficient the company adopted yet another concept from the computer industry that came to change the face of the aviation m anufacturing. PCs personal computers are developed around a common set of rules as to how the parts interact with each other. That way, you can change the keyboard, the disc drive, the screen, whatever you want, and it won’t tear up your memory or your software; that’s called modular architecture.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There has been little progress in modular architecture in airplane-until now. We are building enormous modularity into our design so we can do things like move the wing location, modify the cabin size, change the power plants; all kind of things. What that means is that we will bring this first plane to certification status for about $50 million bucks. For another ten million, we’ll adjust the modules slightly and get a jet. For another five million we get a turbo prop (Hedberg and John). This move was very important because it would cut the costs incurred in modeling new aircrafts. To show to detractors that this was actually possible, the company tested the airframe on their â€Å"smart tunnel.† The â€Å"smart tunnel† allowed engineers in the company to shift the location of the wing along the fuselage without compromising on the center of gravity of the aircraft. The engineers were also able to modify the underlying airframe so that it could accommodate a wi de range of engine choices and configurations. This engineering move would also allow the company to leverage their research and development spending on at least three models of aircrafts (Hedberg and John). To meet the diverse needs of the clients, the company designed their aircrafts such that serviceability would be easy. One feature of the first aircraft they made, the A500, allowed access to the systems such that during inspections or replacement they could easily be accessed. A great deal of engineering work was done on the aircraft to reduce the amount of time that it would take to service the aircraft. The professionally flown market segment wanted a craft that would meet the needs of their customers. To them the most important thing was comfortability and baggage space. They also required planes that were pressurized so that they could fly over weather. This was different from the needs of owner-operated segment that focused on the performance of the aircraft. This segment looked at the handling capability of the plane and the electronic systems used in the aircraft. To meet the needs of these clients the company needed to design their aircrafts in a way performance of the planes was uncompromised and better than that of other aircraft manufacturers. When dealing with owner-operated customers John noted that, â€Å"Pilots are also hesitant to adopt something that is new. We are not Cessna, we are not Beechcraft and we are not piper. Those guys have been around forever, and they have built tons of planes† (Hedberg and John). With this comment, the company needed to distinguish their aircrafts from the rest. According to John, the unique design modularity would play an important role in meeting the needs of both customer segments. To avoid problems in the certification process the company worked hand in hand with the FAA. Throughout 2001, before the first A500 took its maiden flight, the company was visited by government officials and industry gr oups (Hedberg and John). This was important because the project would fail during the final period of certification if it did not invite government authority body to inspect its progress and the aircraft. SWOT Analysis of the Company Strengths The strengths of the company lie on its capable workforce and ability to adopt new technologies and operation concepts. From the inception of the company, Rick Adam sought to employ the best work force available. This has helped the company to meet its deadlines and deliver some of the best planes. The adoption of the 24-7 working program and using new technologies has helped reduce the cost and time taken in research and development. Weaknesses The major weakness of the company is limited resources. The company is working with limited funds and this can result to it not finishing the project or throw it into massive debts. The company is also very ambitious and its capability to fund its other projects may be hindered by lack of funds. Opport unities There are various opportunities that the company can exploit to their advantage. First, the company has been able to produce a plane at a very low price compared to their competitors. This means that it can use this to sell its aircraft cheaply, and therefore establish itself in the market. Another opportunity that can be exploited by the company is its capability to remodel its aircrafts to suit the customers need. This will help it meet various needs of different customers and therefore increase its sales. Threats The greatest threat that the company is facing is not being able to deliver both models, A500 and A700, on time. This threat is compounded by lack of funds, which can hinder the operations of the company. Another threat the company faces is that most of their proposal about using the same airframe for different aircraft models is in the experimental stages and may fail once tried. If it fails the company stands to lose a lot of time and funds invested. Recommenda tions The company should cut down on some of the projects it is taking and focus on delivering one product at a time. The company is taking on too many projects concurrently even though it has difficulty funding its project. Plans to introduce the A700 model should be put on hold, because the company has not yet completed the A500 project. The company runs the risk of being heavily indebted if it continues fund projects before it realizes profit from previous ventures. General Ideas The company should look for investors to avoid finding themselves at situations where projects are stalling, because of lack of funds. The company should do an analysis of which project is more lucrative, the A500 or the A700, and concentrate on one. Companies have been known to fail because of lack of funds or not specializing on one product. Diversity is good, but it should not compromise the ability of a company to deliver primary goods or products. From the case study, we do not see how the company p lans to market their aircrafts. What we see is that they have identified potential customers and even attempted to meet their needs. The company should formulate a comprehensive strategy to see that they do not only focus on manufacturing the aircrafts, but also selling them. The company can try to work with aircraft distributors who can help in marketing and distributing the aircrafts. Conclusion Adam Aircraft Industries has proven that even with limited funding, a project can be successful if planned well. The company has faced a lot of competition and problems, but the dedication of the funder and the employees has made the project a success. From the case study, we see that it is important for companies to embrace new technologies and concepts if they are going to be successful. The company has borrowed concepts from other industries that have helped it to grow and complete projects. The company also shows the need for companies to adopt a 24-7 working program so that they can m eet deadlines and avoid stall ups. The development of the company shows the need of investors to do thorough research on a product and identify what the client is looking for. Hedberg, Carl and John Hamilton. Adam Aircraft. Babson College: San Francisco, 2004. Print.

How to Protest Legally

How to Protest Legally The vast majority of protests are conducted peacefully and legally, but if youre new to protesting, attend a few organized protests before trying to organize your own. How to Protest Legally In the United States, the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibits the government from abridging your freedom of speech. This does not mean that you can protest anywhere you like in any way you like. What this means is that in a traditional public forum, the government cannot stop you from expressing yourself, but can impose reasonable time, place, and manner restrictions. A traditional public forum is a location where people have traditionally expressed themselves to the public, getting up on proverbial soap boxes or handing out leaflets. This includes public streets, sidewalks, and parks. So while the government cannot stop you from protesting in a public park, they can impose limits on the noise level or prohibit protesters from blocking the park entrance. This also means that you have a right to protest on the public sidewalk in front of a fur store, but not on the fur stores private property. Some people confuse government action with private action. The First Amendment does not apply to restrictions imposed by private individuals or companies, although other laws or parts of the Constitution or Bill of Rights might apply. This means that the government cannot stop the publication of a book that contains controversial protected speech, but a private book store can decide for itself that they wont carry that book. Get a Protest Permit if Possible Your best bet for a legal protest is to get a protest permit from the local police, but not every police department issues or requires protest permits. If youre concerned, ask the organizers if they have a permit, and what the restrictions on the protest are. The protest permit may limit the hours of the protest, or prohibit amplified sound. Protesters are sometimes required to keep moving along the sidewalk to avoid blocking the sidewalk for other pedestrians and to keep driveways and building entrances clear. Some towns may also prohibit sticks, so be prepared to remove any sticks from your protest sign, just in case. If the terms of the protest permit seem unreasonable, dont be afraid to speak up and contact an attorney. Even if no protest permit is required, its smart to notify the police of your intentions, to give the police time to prepare and schedule officers for safety and crowd control. It also holds your place in case someone else decides to hold a protest at the same time and location. Use Common Sense at the Protest While youre at the protest, use common sense. You cant control the public and you cant control the police, but you can control yourself. For a peaceful, legal protest, comply with the terms of the protest permit, the instructions of the protest organizers, and with the instructions of the police. Try to ignore hecklers who just want to fluster you. We wish we could say that the police are only there for everyones safety, which is true most of the time. But there are definitely instances when the police will try to infringe on your free speech rights because they disagree with you. They may try to enforce arcane laws against you or impose restrictions that arent mentioned in the protest permit. You might be in full compliance with all laws and the protest permit, and then suddenly be threatened with arrest if you dont comply with some new, arbitrary requirement that was made up by an officer on the spot. Inform the protest organizers, who may have an attorney they can call. Your demeanor should not be one of fun and games, A recent protest aired on CNN depicted protesters laughing, engaging in horseplay, smiling for the cameras and just generally giving the impression they are having the time of their lives. If you dont take your issue seriously, you cant expect others to either. Though you shouldnt be uber somber, there is a reason for a certain decorum which will convey a message that you are serious and determined.   Civil Disobedience Arrests at protests are rare, but participants sometimes intend to get arrested at a protest. Civil disobedience is, by definition, illegal. Responsible protest organizers may plan an act of civil disobedience (such as a sit-in) at a protest but will not knowingly put you at risk of being arrested unless you choose to take that risk. While civil disobedience is illegal, it is peaceful and helps spread the message of the protest by increasing media coverage and/or disrupting the target of the protest. The information on this website is not legal advice and is not a substitute for legal advice. For legal advice, please consult an attorney.    Updated and edited by Michelle A. Rivera, Animal Rights Expert

The Harmonisation of International Reporting Standards Essay

The Harmonisation of International Reporting Standards - Essay Example The International Accounting Standard Committee was developed in 1973 by representatives of accounting bodies in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Ireland and the United States. The aim is to develop International Accounting Standards and to implement those standards (IASCF, 2005). The IASC originally comprises of representatives of 106 professional accounting bodies in 79 countries. (Mckee, 2000) A 14-member board having representatives from 13 countries plus the International Federation of Financial analyst governs it. If was formed with a view to bringing out in the interest of people accounting standard to be used in the presentation of financial statements. IASB has been making constant efforts to deliver to the economy an environment, which has the tendency to attract foreign investment. IASB is trying its level best to promote International Accounting Standards (IASs) to the world and ultimately bring harmonization. The European Union and many other individual countries have started considering IAS. The United Kingdom and the US are the notable exceptions in this regard. The local accounting standards for Ireland and the United Kingdom is the Accounting Standards Board (ASB). Its role was first recognized under the Companies Act of 1985 and it finally took over the role of setting accounting standards in 1990. Before 1990, the accounting standards for the United Kingdom and Ireland were set by the Accounting Standards Committee (ASC). The ASB is allowed up to ten board members. Of these, the Chairman and the Technical Director of the Board work on the board full-time. The ASB typically consults an array of authorities when reviewing proposals for new accounting standards or revisions to old accounting standards, but the Board is ultimately autonomous. All accounting standards that the ASB develops are published as â€Å"Financial Reporting Standards† (FRSs) and â€Å"Statements of Standard Accounting Practices† (SSAPs). The first Financial Reporting Standard was the revision of Statement of Standard Accounting 10, concerning cash flow statements, revised in October 1996 (Dunn, 2002).

Kristen Cookie Company Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Kristen Cookie Company - Term Paper Example Computation of the company’s optimum capacity compared to its break-even point also revealed that the present production system cannot make the company viable because optimum capacity is almost equal to break-even point. Having identified the weaknesses in Kirsten Cookie Company, recommendations were made on how to eliminate the bottleneck in production and how to make the company more viable and competetive in general. I. Introduction Background information   Kristen’s Cookie Company is a company that I co-own with my roommate. We operate in an on-campus apartment with the university students and personnel as our primary market. The initial idea of the company is to bake fresh cookies to order, using any combination of ingredients that the customer wants. The cookies that were ordered will be available for pick up within an hour. Thesis of the case study   This study will investigate whether the chosen production process which is the made to order is the most profi table mode of production considering the kind of market that we have and the facility and opportunity available to us. During the course of its investigation, it is important to note that the organization is a start-up company and is operated and manned by its owners (me and my roommate) and as such, this limitation should be considered in the assessment of the organization to arrive at an accurate findings where realistic recommendations can be made where it is appropriate. II. Methodology SWOT Analysis SWOT provides an organization the environmental assessment of which it operates and thus provides the framework to determine the appropriateness of Kristen Cookie Company’s production process. It includes both the internal and external factors of an organization’s environment. The internal factors involve the internal capability of an organization as expressed by the strength and weakness of SWOT. The external environment of an organization is expressed in the opportun ities and threats of the SWOT (Beagrie, 2004). SWOT provides a reality check in determining the appropriateness of the elected production process in the initial phase of Kirsten Cookie Company. Strength Making cookies through made to order has a marketing appeal of having a product that is freshly baked right from the oven cookies. Compared to the make to stocked cookies, they are fresher and relatively tastes better. Producing cookies through made to order minimizes risk because the company keeps no inventory of its finished products that has the potential of incurring loss due to spoilage and waste when it is not sold before its expiration date. Weakness The make to order production of cookies limits the production capacity of the business according to the number of orders which are done in almost real time (one hour before the customer can pick up their cookies). It also does not optimize production capacity and makes the facility vulnerable to idleness during off season. It is a lso vulnerable to opportunity cost because the company’s commitment to sell freshly baked cookies which the customers can pick up after an hour of ordering implies opportunity lost with demands foregone during the day (the business only operates at night and has a commitment that customers can pick up their cookies after an hour of ordering). Given the capacity of its facility, the make to order production system also has a bottleneck in the baking stage where it will compile buffers as it takes longer to bake (10 mins) before the next batch will arrive (6 mins for the 3 trays to complete).

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 33

Economics - Essay Example Macroeconomics focuses on the international and national economic trends. Neoclassical economics pursues economics through means of demand and supply models, which determine prices on the basis of subjective preferences of consumers and producers. Neoclassical economics depends on subjective preferences in determining prices. Sustainability is associated to the quality of life in a society. It determines whether the environmental, social and economic systems, which make up the society, are offering a productive, meaningful and healthy life for the current and future generations. Sustainable development is the growth, which satisfies the requirements of existing generations without compromising the capability of upcoming generations to satisfy their requirements. There are three features of sustainable development; economic sustainability, environmental sustainability and social sustainability. Environmental sustainability is described as sustenance of life supporting systems. Economic sustainability is described as sustenance of economic capital. It refers to the maximum amount of revenue, which may be spent without diminishing future consumption. Social sustainability is described as sustenance of social resources. Sustainable growth should integrate these categories of sustainability and employ them in ensuring that development is sustainable. There are developments of the new economic ideas in the modern economy. The world economy has experienced various economic conditions and new ideas are evolving, complementing the traditional economic ideas. The following are the alternative economic ideas in the modern economy. First, modern economies are considering shifting from outsourcing to in-sourcing. Economies are encouraging local production to enhance domestic employment. Another idea includes the accessing of wealth of the locals; information and communication technologies are changing

Epic theater, a comaritive analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Epic theater, a comaritive analysis - Essay Example As he is introduced, his presence evokes an image of the fallen, a prevalent theme throughout the French Revolution. As the story of the French Revolution is told by historians and enhanced by paintings, illustrations, and live action recreations of the events, The French Revolution: Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite -A New Republic is Born in Blood, creates a film experience that breaths life into the historical figures of the French Revolution. While the causes of the French Revolution can be linked across many theoretical and philosophical constructs, the main cause was created from an economic crisis. As in most cases, the people were motivated to act because of a lack of stability which caused a lack of food. Of the many reasons that can motivate people into action, the one that denies them the basic needs of survival will most often inspire the quickest movement toward a radicalization. The film describes the events that surround the impending crisis that is setting up France for a time when flour, a staple of bread making which is a food staple for the French, prices would skyrocket, creating a circumstance where a loaf of bread becomes worth a month’s salary [1]. By using live action recreations and illustrations from the time period, a connection can be made by the audience to the impact of starvation on a people who is not properly represented or supported. Mention is made of Marie Antoinette’s â€Å"most famous line she never said . . . Let them eat cake† [2]. The line was a commentary on the feelings of the French people to their queen, and while the film mentions that she never said such a thing, it is made clear that her excesses are what led this line to be associated with her. The film displays a series of examples of the excesses in which she indulged, including illustrations of overly exaggerated hairstyles that could stand several feet tall. In the midst of a country that was

Assignment Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Assignment Bachelor - Essay Example More to that, law sets out procedures on how things should be done, who should be involved and so on and these procedures apply to all people who are governed by that law. Moving away from the basics, this paper shall be guided by questions regarding the Australian legal system so that a clear understanding of the various implications of their legal system is demonstrated. Do common law, the courts and the doctrine of Precededent continue to serve the useful function in the regulation of business conduct and the resolution of business disputes Alternatively, should all business resolution be subject to legislation The Australian court system is similar to that of Britain as it was a British colony. It mainly uses the common law and the statute. The statute is made by the legislation while the common law follows the doctrine of precedence which is borrowed from a Latin phrase stare decisis which translates to "the decision says" or simply the rule made by previous judges. The doctrine of precedence is not constituted so much on the ideal decision made but rather the principles that guided the arrival to that decision. (Gilford and Gilfford, 1983,p5). As pointed out, not all law follows precedence and this is where statute law comes in. legislation allows for codification so that common law may be altered to set new precedence and also suit with the current needs of the community. The Australian court system is categorized into 3 distinct courts namely the high court (supreme courts) the county courts and the magistrate courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land and has jurisdictions to listen to cases of appeal and also handle cases of high profile say constitutional challenges and interpretation. The magistrate courts are the lowest courts and handle civil and criminal cases of lighter nature. Given the fact that the doctrine of precedence prevails in the Australian court system, the magistrate and distinct courts are bound to follow rulings of the higher court where two cases are similar in fact and circumstance. This means that a lower court cannot be able to overrule precedence. On the other hand, the high court has the jurisdiction to overhaul previous precedence if it feels that it is outdated and therefore set new precedence. Common law has its strengths and weaknesses. For example, it has the advantage of setting a pattern of handling disputes hence one may be in a position to predetermine a court ruling just by studying previous rulings. As noted, any law should have consistency and common law provides for this. In the instance where no similar case has been handled before, common law gives room to set precedence. It also assists judges arrive at a decision faster and hence save time and acquire sound mind since previous reasoning used by judges is at the center of common law. Common law has played a major role in maintaining regulation of business conduct through setting out remedies to business misconduct, negligence and damages and as such has acted as a deterrent to stop individuals from repeating similar mistakes. Legislation plays a pertinent role in business resolution to disputes and perhaps should always be the basis upon which remedies are found. However, not all

Influence about Hungarian folk music in Liszt rhapsody no.2 Research Paper

Influence about Hungarian folk music in Liszt rhapsody no.2 - Research Paper Example The first Hungarian creations of Liszt were made during his stay in Vienna and Paris, yet these works, specifically the two movements of Zum Andenken, are anything but thoughtful compositions (Arnold 18). Besides the record of a Hungarian-influenced Schubert tune, Liszt was unable to give much attention to the music of his native land until his homecoming as an adult (Gervers 385). Liszt’s return to his homeland in 1839-1840 was vital to the development of his personal musical technique. In spite of his German roots, embraced French traditions, and mother tongue, Liszt had not stopped to proclaim himself a Hungarian (Loya 28). It was in the course of these visits, famous as the revered national champion of romantic nationalism at a time of Hungary’s fight for cultural and national autonomy, that he started to return to his Hungarian origins with more fervent sentiments. The early portrayals of the national music of Hungary that Liszt was not able to forget eventually became more meaningful to him than sheer oddity. This form of distinctive national music at its peak at the moment was certainly not folk music, but an expression of global ancestry. Zoltan Kodaly and Bela Bartok would uncover the early Hungarian peasant music much later in the first half of the 20th century (Walker 54). The national music had emerged from an enlisting music, or verb unkos, that had thrived since the latter part of the 18th century (Gervers 386). This paper discusses the influence of Hungarian folk music on Liszt’s rhapsody no. 2 or, generally, on his Hungarian rhapsodies. Simply numerous, roughly the same tunes, are the prerequisite components of folk music. An example of this folk music is the Hungarian village’s music. Those who are slightly familiar with contemporary Hungarian village melodies are aware that their songs have obvious resemblance in relation to structure and cadence. The two major classifications of Hungarian village

Assignment Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Assignment Bachelor - Essay Example More to that, law sets out procedures on how things should be done, who should be involved and so on and these procedures apply to all people who are governed by that law. Moving away from the basics, this paper shall be guided by questions regarding the Australian legal system so that a clear understanding of the various implications of their legal system is demonstrated. Do common law, the courts and the doctrine of Precededent continue to serve the useful function in the regulation of business conduct and the resolution of business disputes Alternatively, should all business resolution be subject to legislation The Australian court system is similar to that of Britain as it was a British colony. It mainly uses the common law and the statute. The statute is made by the legislation while the common law follows the doctrine of precedence which is borrowed from a Latin phrase stare decisis which translates to "the decision says" or simply the rule made by previous judges. The doctrine of precedence is not constituted so much on the ideal decision made but rather the principles that guided the arrival to that decision. (Gilford and Gilfford, 1983,p5). As pointed out, not all law follows precedence and this is where statute law comes in. legislation allows for codification so that common law may be altered to set new precedence and also suit with the current needs of the community. The Australian court system is categorized into 3 distinct courts namely the high court (supreme courts) the county courts and the magistrate courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land and has jurisdictions to listen to cases of appeal and also handle cases of high profile say constitutional challenges and interpretation. The magistrate courts are the lowest courts and handle civil and criminal cases of lighter nature. Given the fact that the doctrine of precedence prevails in the Australian court system, the magistrate and distinct courts are bound to follow rulings of the higher court where two cases are similar in fact and circumstance. This means that a lower court cannot be able to overrule precedence. On the other hand, the high court has the jurisdiction to overhaul previous precedence if it feels that it is outdated and therefore set new precedence. Common law has its strengths and weaknesses. For example, it has the advantage of setting a pattern of handling disputes hence one may be in a position to predetermine a court ruling just by studying previous rulings. As noted, any law should have consistency and common law provides for this. In the instance where no similar case has been handled before, common law gives room to set precedence. It also assists judges arrive at a decision faster and hence save time and acquire sound mind since previous reasoning used by judges is at the center of common law. Common law has played a major role in maintaining regulation of business conduct through setting out remedies to business misconduct, negligence and damages and as such has acted as a deterrent to stop individuals from repeating similar mistakes. Legislation plays a pertinent role in business resolution to disputes and perhaps should always be the basis upon which remedies are found. However, not all

The painting Drinnen und Draussen, by George Grosz Essay

The painting Drinnen und Draussen, by George Grosz - Essay Example The essay "The painting Drinnen und Draussen, by George Grosz" explores George Grosz's painting called Drinnen und Draussen. There were more shades and the images of the people were not clear. A pillar supposedly served as a dividing wall to visually represent people from the inside, dressed in coats and tie, one with a cigar, and apparently dining in style. These people could be seen as having a good time surrounded by sophisticated and classy ladies. Other objects were clearly painted such as a lamp, a bucket of liquor, an ash tray, to name a few. The faces of the people are all clear exemplifying various expressions of smiling, waiting patiently, listening intently. The colors were also disparate with the outside people being painted in grey, blue, brown, touches of light greens and pinks in matte. The inside portion was more vividly colored in reds, tan, blue, white with clearer and illumined backdrop. One could deduce that the painter intended to relay the message that people se en inside dining places had the luxuries of availing the best of life. The people inside with faces painted in round, clear and donning happy expressions and are well-dressed signify wealth, luxury, richness. The dividing wall also symbolize the demarcation between the rich and the poor – as people from the outside manifest poverty, wanting in financial resources and appropriate access to health care. Their faces were painted as blurred symbolizing obscurity, loss of identity, nameless. The realities of life at the time.

A View from the Bridge Essay Example for Free

A View from the Bridge Essay Explore how Miller creates dramatic tension at the end of act one. Comment on this scenes importance to the play overall. A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller explores the complicated lives and relationships between a family living in the slums of New York. This particular play is set in a slum called Red Hook which is strongly patriarchal, and where there is a large Sicilian, volatile community where many homes harbour illegal immigrants and the fear of their discovery is high. Within this society, tensions are high because of fear that they would be found hiding illegal immigrants in their home, which is what a lot of the anxiety in the play is based on. Alfieri tells us, the audience, about the importance of justice and how justice is often administrated outside rather than inside the law. This generates fear as we anticipate that people within the society will not necessarily abide by the law. Miller creates tension at the very beginning of the play by demonstrating the fact that the area is prone to violent attacks, we hear of the Vinny Bolzano incident on page 23 in which Vinny snitched to immigration that they were hiding illegal family members in their home. Beatrice describes how three flights his head was bouncin like a coconut after his brothers and father threw him out the house and on to the street. Before the play even starts, we can tell that Miller will aim to sustain a tense atmosphere throughout the play from the way Alfieri says: and watched it run its bloody course. The end of this act centres on Eddie Carbone and his family (Beatrice and Catherine) who are joined by Rodolpho and Marco (illegal immigrants), sitting together after a meal. The story so far has introduced tensions which are later developed and twisted into a devastating conclusion. We have already met Eddie Carbone the tragic protagonist of the play. He is constantly self-interested, wanting to promote and protect his own innocence. We are made aware at the beginning of the play of Eddies protection over Catherine, his niece. He says to her youre walkin wavy, and I dont like the looks theyre giving you in the candy store. This is a clear demonstration of the fact that maybe he feels a little more for her than family love, an issue which becomes inflamed when Rodolpho is introduced to the story. The relationship between Catherine and Eddie shows conflict, which effectively leads to and causes dramatic tension. Eddies possessive and protective nature is channeled through Catherine, and initially an audience may perceive this to be an effect of the male-dominated society in which they live in. This explains why he is so cynical and nervous as well as angry when Rodolpho is asked to dance by Catherine. Tensions have appears to have formed with Catherine. Eddie is becoming increasingly jealous and aggravated by this which is shown before this scene has even started from the way he says to Beatrice, the guy aint right. When Catherine asks Rodolpho to dance, he is immediately reluctant in deference to Eddie who, as it says in the stage directions, freezes, and Rodolpho claims I-Im tired. Tensions have already risen within the past few pages between Marco and Rodolpho and Eddie after arguing about whether they paint oranges and lemons, which leads the audience to believe that Marco and Rodolphos joint defiance against Eddies behaviour will become more of an issue later in the play. Rodolphos initial hesitation to dance with Catherine shows his determination not to annoy Eddie any further, however, Catherine is insistent. Eddie reacts by questioning Rodolphos masculinity, which adds to tensions because in the area where the play is set, masculinity and dominance over others is very significant. Eddies speech Its wonderful. He sings, he cooks, he could make dresses shows that he is clearly trying to mock Rodolpho. He obviously feels as though his dominance in his house is being threatened by him, therefore creating tension. Miller uses powerful symbolism in his writing to portray Eddies character and express his emotions to the audience. We are made aware of Eddies disapproval and anger of the situation, and Miller writes stage directions to express this. For example, Eddie seems to retreat to his rocker when he feels uncomfortable and wants to remove himself from the situation. This is his place, and as a male, he is very protective over his space and it belongs to him and only him. His newspaper is also symbolic. He uses it as his way of hiding away, for example, when the stage directions say Eddie goes to his rocker and picks up his newspaper after being told about Marco and Rodolpho having been to Africa. He later lowers his paper, indicating that he has chosen to engage in the situation. This is another example of his desire to keep himself to himself, which effectively communicates unease to the audience. The use of the pause is also significant in the build-up of dramatic tension. For example, when Eddie has just insulted Rodolpho, there is a silence: Eddie Well, thats all Im asking. Eddie reads his paper. There is a pause, leading to an awkward atmosphere. Now Catherine gets up and puts a record on the phonograph This is an uncomfortable moment of tension. Catherine breaks the silence by putting on Paper Doll, but it creates more tension by increasing the friction between Catherine, Rodolpho and Eddie. Catherine also uses it as a way of provoking Eddie by asking Rodolpho to dance. This scene is a complete contrast to earlier on in the play where Miller showed Catherine to be obedient and respectful towards Eddie. This sudden change in Catherines behaviour is partly due to the conversation earlier on in the play with Beatrice about how Catherine needs to become more independent from Eddie. Miller also uses dramatic devices to create tension such as violence when Rodolpho boxes with Eddie at the end of act one. When the stage directions say, rubbing his fists together, it shows that Eddie is trying to release his anger and frustration on Rodolpho for interfering with Catherine and his relationship with her. This creates tension as they boxing at each other. Soon after, when Marco challenges Eddie and says Can you lift this chair? and he cannot, Marco then does it and holds the chair high above his head, whilst glaring at Eddie. This threatening pose creates very visual tension for the audience, as Marco has upstaged Eddie and robbed him of his male dominance in his own home. When the end of act one arrives and the play has an interval, the audience are left on the edge of the their seats and feel anxious to know the outcome of the events they have just witnessed. The tension build-up up until this point leaves the audience at a great ease, because the play so far has left questions unanswered and problems unsolved, meaning that the audience are spending the interval relating to the characters discomfort in the play. This scene in particular is significant to the climax of the play because it sets up Eddies destiny to fail and lose his self-control. The events that happen at the end of this scene could be described as the beginning of the end, as it is this moment that effectively leads into and foreshadows the escalation of tension and drama right to the end of the play. Eddies frustration at the situation of Catherine and Rodolphos increasingly passionate relationship lead him into his feud with Marco, which in the end is what kills him. Eddie sets himself up for his own downfall, and this is the scene where it all escalates from.